The Central Dogma: DNA encodes the information to make RNA.and RNA molecules function together to make protein A nucleic acid very similar to DNA, called mRNA or messenger RNA, is a copy of a gene, and serves this function the "bridge" between DNA and protein: The basic hypothesis is still the same, but we know a lot more details now! Q: If DNA is in the nucleus and proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, on ribosomes and in the rER, how to they "get together"?͚: The answer: use a "messenger" to carry the instructions from DNA out into the cytoplasm.Only about 30,000 genes, coding for 100,000 different proteins - rather than the 100,000 genes that had been estimated for the human genome This was a Big Surprise of the Human Genome Project in 2001 - scientists realized that we had.As we have learned more about the human genome in the last 10 years or so, however, we are now finding that more often than not, one gene will code for perhaps two or more related proteins.This is referred to as the "one-gene, one-protein" hypothesis. In the 1940s, scientists proposed, fairly correctly, that each gene "codes for" (contains the instructions for) one protein.The DNA in each chromosome that DOES provide the instructions for a protein is called a gene. ͚nd with DNA: GAC - AGC - CGA - same 3 'letters' completely different meanings to the cell (specifies the amino acids Aspartic Acid, Serine, and Arginine) Q: Review: What are genes? ͚: We know from the results of the Human Genome project, that most of the cell's DNA (~97%) does NOT code for proteins, but has structural or regulatory functions. DNA is a huge information database that carries the complete set of instructions for making all the proteins a cell will ever need! Although there are only four different bases in DNA (A, C, G and T), the order in which the bases occur determines the information to make a protein, just like the 26 letters of the alphabet combine to form words and sentences: Compare: RAT - TAR - ART - same 3 letters completely different meanings. How in the information in DNA turned into Protein? The Central Dogma. The Central Dogma: From DNA to Proteins The process of assembling a protein from RNA is called _ and it occurs in the _ The process of making RNA from DNA is called _ and it occurs in the _ 7. Transcription occurs in the _ translation occurs in the _. How many amino acids are attached to a single transfer RNA? _ 5. How many bases are in a codon? _ In an anticodon? _ 4. What base is found on RNA but not on DNA? _ 3. How many different kinds of bases can be found on DNA _ 2. Each tRNA has a different amino acid which link together like box cars on a train. When you digest your food for instance, you are using enzymes that were originally proteins that were assembled from amino acids. There are twenty amino acids that can combine together to form proteins of all kinds, these are the proteins that are used in life processes. Make sure you color the bases of the anticodon the same color as the bases on your DNA and RNA strand - they are the same molecules! At the top of the tRNA is the amino acids. Remember that codons are sets of three bases that code for a single amino acid. The anticodon, which matches the codon on the RNA strand. Important to the process of translation is another type of RNA called Transfer RNA (F) which function to carry the amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome. Label the box with the X in the stranslation area with the word TRANSLATION. The RNA strand in the translation area should also be colored light blue, as it was colored in the nucleus. Color the ribosome light green (Y) and note how the RNA strand threads through the ribsosome like a tape measure and the amino acids are assembled. Here at the ribosome, that massage will be translated into an amino acid sequence. The mRNA made in the nucleus travels out to the ribosome to carry the "message" of the DNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on the ribosomes. Uracil = brown Color the strand of DNA dark blue (D) and the strand of RNA light blue (R). Label the box with the x in it near the nucleus with the word TRANSCRIPTION and proceed to color the bases according to the key below Transcription is the process by which RNA is made from DNA. However, there is no thymine found in RNA, instead there is a similar compound called uracil. It contains the same bases, adenine, guanine and cytosine. RNA normally exists as a single strand (and not the double stranded double helix of DNA). Transcription RNA, Ribonucleic Acid is very similar to DNA. DNA Coloring - Transcription
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